Why do humans not behave reasonably?
Research carried out in the last decade shows clearly that:
1- Cells are aware of the fact that they are living in a continuously changing dynamic system and that nothing is prescribed to them, but they have to gather information about their environment and make probabilistic calculations to determine their future behaviours. E.g.:
►Fiorillo et al. 2003- Discrete Coding of Reward Probability and Uncertainty by Dopamine Neurons;
►Shizgal & Arvanitogiannis 2003- Gambling on Dopamine;
►Padoa-Schioppa & Assad 2006- Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value;
►Yang, T.& Shadlen, M.N. 2007: Probabilistic reasoning by neurons;
►Anderson et al. 2007- Environmental signal integration by a modular AND gate;
►Molenaar et al. 2009- Shifts in growth strategies reflect tradeoffs in cellular economics;
►Mehta et al. 2009- Information processing and signal integration in bacterial quorum sensing;
►Perkins & Swain 2009- Strategies for cellular decision-making; etc.).
From these studies it is argued that: “the cellular decision-making can only be probabilistic and occurs at three levels. First, cells must infer from noisy signals the probable current and anticipated future state of their environment. Second, they must weigh the costs and benefits of each potential response, given that future. Third, cells must decide in the presence of other, potentially competitive, decision-makers.” (Perkins & Swain 2009, p.1).
2- Information building and its transmission to the next generation is greatly appreciated by all beings. That is why they have developed very sophisticated genetic information storage and transmission systems. The reason behind the development of mirror-cells (Rizzolatti et al. 2001) in animals is the greediness to the information-potential of the parents.
3- Even animals like insects (ants, bees, etc.) try to educate their offspring with the information they have gathered (Dejean et al. 2005, Franks & Richardson 2006, etc.)
Finally, the physical experiments mentioned above show clearly that even sub-atomic-units do not behave randomly, but gather information about their environment and make probabilistic calculations to determine their behaviors.
Considering all those facts together, one should wonder:
i- Why physicists have assumed that subatomic particles are lifeless and dull objects. Why do physicists do not consider sub-atomic-units with such extraordinary abilities as primary living objects?
ii- Why do biologists and palaeontologists continue to consider evolution to be a result of randomly occurring mutations?
The reason behind this attitude lies in the way dynamical systems develop. In dynamical systems, order-parameters of each newly developed system (paradigms of humans) have a slaving influence on the components, as indicated in section 4.3. Humans have become traditionally programmed to attribute conscious and cognitive behaviour only to humans and supernatural beings. They are not aware of the cognitive and conscious behaviour of smaller components like cells or subatomic units.
When humans are faced with a choice involving a paradigm change, they will almost invariably choose the alternative that will save the paradigm, regardless of the evidence. This is valid for scientists too. Arp (1998, p. 228) says: “Can we count on conventional science always choosing the incorrect alternative between two possibilities? I would vote yes, because the important problems usually require a change in paradigm which is forbidden to conventional science,”
That is the reason behind our biased life-views.
The Main Cause of Anti-Social Behaviours Among Humanity
All beings encapsulated within a border are forced to interact with each other and establish a special system with their own regulation rules. These regulation rules are called as order parameters. Order parameters are established in mutual interactions of all components; therefore, all components obey this final result. This rule is a natural law, being valid among all beings ranging from atoms to molecules, cells, animals and societies. This natural law is summarized as information & self-organisation in synergetics and let us understands the bottom-up organisation system ruling in the universe (atoms generate field, field slaves atoms.)
Whereas the natural organizations are constructed and ruled according to this natural law, humans have organized their social structures quite differently: from top to bottom. In these organizations, until French revolution, the ownership of homelands was ascribed to lords, kings, sultans, etc. accepted as a noble creature thought to be related to a holy creator. After French revolution the notion of nobility is exterminated, but the top-down organisation of societies remained in tact.
When the organisation of societies is from top to bottom, all actions are made, as if the society has an invisible owner at the top. But the societies should belong to the people. All creatures have an innate drive to belong -to aggregate- to something. Therefore animals live in herds or flocks. This affiliation-drive to something above itself is the reason that externalised people tend to aggregate in special kind of bands to satisfy their affiliation drive. When the organisation system of societies is ordered in this way, that a bureaucratic circle claims the possession of the state and people are treated as non- trustworthy components, that will lead to aggregation of the externalised people in anti-social bands. Hence, all anti-social organisation and criminal behaviours are the results of this faulty life view of humans, being inherited from their ancestors.
The modern technological innovations have brought humans in close contacts at global levels, leading to both beneficial and harmful actions. Therefore the living environment of humans go beyond the borders of their own state and became the whole world. Therefore, humanity needs a new order-parameter, being valid among all states in the world. A common order-parameter for all humanity can be established only, when it is based on natural scientific data. Synergetic system envisions such a common order-parameter. When all nations negotiate with others on the base of natural scientific data, there will be a consensus on a global order-parameter for future, with the result that all humans will be educated with a common life-view, that they are all participants and co-owner of the global social life. This will eliminate anti-social behaviours among humanity.
The traditional methods of crime-preventions or struggles are like hunting mosquitoes with single slaps. The proposed synergetic model based on natural scientific rules envisions desiccating the lake where mosquitoes can thrive.
A case study
The following information in a newspaper announced an unusual event, occurring in Turkey in 2005; and such events occur in all parts of our world:
“During 1996 through inciting efforts of the late Recep Yazıcıoğlu, governor of the district Erzincan, afforestation attempts were initiated in the Village Kılıçkaya (Erzincan). All villager of Kılıçkaya participated in this afforestation attempt and they planted ca. 35000 tree of different kinds like pine, acacia, poplar, walnut, etc. on an area of 85 000 m2. In the following 10 years they well-cared these trees and the area became a well afforested green land. After 10 years of striving the villagers made a petition to the governorship concerning the beneficiary-rights of this area. Their request was rejected, and additionally they sentenced to pay a fine of 422 million TL for the afforestation of an area belonging to the State.”
As seen, the request of the villagers is rejected and over and above they are punished for the action of transforming a sterile land area into a productive land. Why? Because the laws are ordering this. Why are the laws ordering this? Because they are formulated according to a top-down organisation style of life. In this form of thinking, every system must have a possessor above it. Because the order parameter of systems has an enslaving force on all its parts, -that will be explained in the following chapters- no one can come on the idea to pose the following questions to the relevant authorities: Who is state? What is made the state of? Who planted and reared the trees? Does exist another kind of person except the people it encompasses, claiming rights of priority of public goods? Etc..
When the life views of people are in top-down order and the laws are organized in this manner, then the whole burden and responsibility of development is on the shoulder of administrative circle at the top. The majority of people feel themselves as irresponsible of their future planning. Over and above, for the externalised people, the public goods are something to pillage, public orders and laws are something to violate. Then they don’t belong to people themselves. In this manner different kinds of anti-social behaviours occur everywhere.
As seen, in all traditional societies the laws are ordered according to a top-down organisation structure, then the that natural system of life is thought to be from top-to bottom. Therefore all laws and regulations are organized in the manner to protect an invisible possessor. The reason behind such an anti-natural organisation is the faulty life-view about the development and organisation of natural systems. That is the reason that not long ago, all public goods were dominated by lords, sultans, kings or alike, considered to be of a noble (holy) origin, belonging to a top structure (supra natura). After the French revolution in 1789 the nobility-vulgarity differentiation among humans were abandoned and fraternity-equality-liberty among all humans accepted. Although all humans were accredited with would-be equal rights in the social life, the ownership of state was held in the possession of the bureaucratic circle at the top and the laws were not organized in the manner that all citizens of the state were accredited to be co-proprietors of the whole system. Lordship, kingship, etc. were removed, but the top-down organisation of the state, and hence of the laws, remained. That is the reason that in the democratically administrated countries too, the persons elected to top positions are treated as lords, whereas ordinary people treated as non-trustworthy. Therefore the applied democracies differ from authoritarian kingships only in that: in democracies people elect the top persons periodically; in kingships, inheritance determines the kings. But the real difference should be: all citizens should be accredited to be co-proprietors of the whole system.
Life systems are dependent on lower-level structures, because the information is stored only in lower-level structures!!!!
According to the traditional view of life, lower-levels are dependent on upper-levels; that is the reason that they established social life organisation from top to bottom.
Just that contradictory influencing system is the source of most (if not all) social problems of humans.
Because;
- the constructors, as well the designers of our bodies are their cells insides of them;
- and those cells determine and solidify the order parameters of the body they construct according the data gathered by their sensory organs;
- by giving them the faulty information that life systems are dependent on upper-level structures;
- they organize and solidify the network structures of the brain according to those information;
- after this is done in childhood, these order parameters enslaves the humans in their later life.
That is the main problem humans are confronted. We are enslaved by faulty order parameters. The only way to get out of this vicious circle is to make new by-pass circuits in our brains, to circumvent those faulty synapse-structures.
Are we ready to do it?
If not; then the following social problems will never solved entirely:
1- due to top-down influencing model; humans neglect mutual and reciprocal relations between them; result: weakness in social structure due to reduction of required communication;
2- due to top-down influencing model; humans get passive; result: difficulties in establishing democracies, requiring active behaviour in all aspects;
3- due to top-down influencing model; humans tend to laziness; result: decrease in productivity ® underdeveloped societies ® discomfort ® tumult and uproar;
4- they identify themselves with top position and insist on their own ideas in their relations with others; obstinacy and stubbornness get unavoidable;
5- because the upper-levels accept themselves as possessors of the lower-levels, they make top-down organization systems; the majority of people feel themselves as excluded und “the properties of state are immense, who don’t get it, is stupid” system arose; public goods are maltreated
6- humans are social beings, and each social animal has the innate tendency to make some upper-level affiliations. When they feel themselves as excluded from the society, then they aggregate in very different settings, giving rise to different kind of anti-social bands like mafia, etc.
7- information is necessary to do or construct something; when people are habituated to get their problem solved by upper-levels, information producing potential of societies diminishes; the result is underdevelopment;
8- being educated with the assumption that they are dependent on some upper-level things, humans lost their integration with their cells and most of its potential capabilities get crippled; individuals are deficient of self-confidence;
9- etc.,,
All these anti-social behaviours can be eliminated by a single operation: establishing a natural life system procedure! Then in natural life development:
- all components are co-operators of the structure to construct;
- all are involved and everybody is accredited as co-owner of the system; no one is externalised or privileged.
If the life view of a population is like that defined above, and everyone see himself as co-owner of the society; then no one could make any harmful action against his own possessions, nor tolerate any harmful action by others.
In natural life development all lower-level components make information exchange between them and make a compromise, called order parameter; afterward they obey this order parameter (order parameter slaves the individuals). In this manner animals have built either real societies like ants, bees, corals, etc., or they come together to build herds or flocks like that of fishes or cows.
How to Bring Humans to Common Solutions?
A drive to harmony exists in all beings in nature. To illustrate this instinctive motive in inorganic world let see the experiment observed first by Dutch physicists C. Huygens in 1665.
Take two pendulum clocks; one going forward and other being slow. When you put these clocks on opposite sides of the room, one go forward and other is slow. But when you hang them side by side as shown in figure, within a half an hour or so, they start to tick in synchrony, indicating the right time!
In animate world, this synchronization drive is more diverse and more developed. Firefly flashes or synchronous run away of fish flocks are a few examples. The mathematical principles of this synchronization drive are summarized as follows: (Strogartz & Stewart 1993, Wınfree 1987), (Coupled Oscillators and Biological Synchronization):
1- The width of frequency distribution should not exceed a limited range;
2- The strength of coupling should be as great as possible.
Those are the essentials of cooperative behaviours among humans:
1- Having nearly the same life view (nearly the same frequency band)
2- Being in close relationships.
The second condition is already achieved by the modern technological innovations and population increase among humans.
For the first condition, the here proposed natural life system might provide a basis for discussion. A more detailed work about this topic is prepared by the author in Turkish and is obtainable by (isgedik@ktu.edu.tr).
Conclusion:
Our bodies are constructed with the same atoms or molecules that formed our ancestors, as pointed out by Patel (2008, p. 188): “All living organisms are made up of atoms. … In all the biochemical processes, they just get rearranged in different ways. Each of us would have a billion atoms that once belonged to the Buddha, or Genghis Khan, or Isaac Newton. … We easily see that it is not the atoms themselves but their arrangements in complex molecules, which carry biochemical information. … In the flow of biochemical processes, living organisms synthesize and break up various molecules, by altering atomic arrangements. The biochemical information resides in what molecules to use where, when and how. Characterization of this information is rather abstract, but central to the understanding of life. To put it succinctly: Hardware is recycled, while software is refined!”
With time the information and energy potential of matters are changed. That leads inevitably to changes of targets (attractors of dynamical systems theory). Therefore each new being re-arranges its atoms or molecules to adapt itself to the new targets. Evolution developed in that manner; and beings were selected by the tunnelling abilities of sub-atomic-units, these being the main proprietors of all energy sources in our universe.
A very interesting relationship exists between lower-level units and upper-level-units. Lower-level-units such sub-atomic-particles are not dead or dull objects, but very active beings, oscillating many trillions times per second and interacting thereby with their environment.
►1- They are aware of all actions in their environments and behave accordingly. If something (e.g. an upper-level-structure like a human being) tries to make something with them, they sense its intention and act accordingly. Physicists say that: “its wave structure decohered”.
►2- They have the ability to act in collaboration through the EPR effect. For example, when two photons produced at one source are sent to opposite direction (for example one is sent towards Europe and the other towards Africa). When a person in Europe uses this photon for a destructive purpose (the wave structure becoming decohered in this sense), then the other photon, encountering somewhere in Africa, acts in a destructive manner too.
When we consider those basic peculiarities of subatomic units, then we should behave accordingly. All beings in our world are in a very intricate relationship to each other. We all are dependent on the energy sent from the Sun. When someone in Europe or America use those photons from the Sun for a destructive purpose, than the entangled photons encountering the body of a person in Africa or Asia will have a deleterious effect on this body too. Therefore we humans must have life-views corresponding and reflecting the realities of nature. We all, humans and other beings, are living on the same space-ship called Earth. We should not have different life-views if we intend to optimise our life conditions. That is an urgent challenge for the scientist all around the world to develop a consensus about the system of natural developments..
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a radical offer to change..a re-new perspective
ReplyDeletefor being human..thank you..